Examining Freedom of Expression during Ethiopia’s Political Reform Process (2018–Mid-2020)

In Ethiopia, the political reform process initiated under the leadership of Abiy Ahmed Ali was widely welcomed for opening new spaces for freedom of expression and broader civil liberties. This article employs a desk review methodology to critically examine both the achievements and the persistent challenges surrounding freedom of expression during the reform era. The study finds that the government’s early reform measures, including revisions to restrictive laws, the release of political prisoners, expanded political participation, and increased operational space for journalists, activists, bloggers, and opposition groups, contributed to a more open public sphere. The emergence and proliferation of independent media outlets, including magazines, radio stations, and television channels, further enhanced citizens’ access to diverse information and facilitated greater public engagement in political and social discourse through mainstream and social media platforms. Despite tha, the reform process has also been accompanied by significant challenges. Rising political polarization, ethnic mistrust, hate speech, disinformation, and war propaganda have increasingly undermined constructive public dialogue and social cohesion. The growing influence of informally organized political and ethnic groupings has further complicated the protection of freedom of expression. Moreover, incomplete legal reforms, the continued application of anti-terrorism legislation, and the persistence of authoritarian political culture continue to constrain media independence, access to information, and the protection of journalists, opposition members, and citizens’ due process rights. The article concludes that while Ethiopia’s reform process created unprecedented opportunities for freedom of expression, substantial legal, institutional, and political obstacles remain in ensuring its sustainable protection and democratic consolidation.