Violence is not a monolith: Ecologies of threat and their psychological signatures

Violence is not a uniform ecological input. This commentary argues that distinguishing between violent ecologies - diffuse crime, instrumental intergroup, and existential - clarifies why threat produces contradictory shifts in preferences foundational to human decision-making. This framework extends affordance-management theory by introducing moral affordances: opportunities to defend the group's identity and survival that can override concerns for personal safety.