Deployment Strategy Optimization and Experimental Verification of Multi-UAV Smoke Jamming Bombs in Air Defense Operations

To counter the threat of advanced missile technology, smoke jamming bombs have emerged as a crucial defensive tool due to their high cost-effectiveness. The advancement of unmanned aerial vehicle technology has enabled dynamic adjustments to the timing and positioning of smoke release. This paper proposes a multi-UAV cooperative optimization framework for smoke jamming bomb deployment, aiming to maximize the target’s effective shielding duration. Firstly, three-dimensional kinematic models for missiles, UAVs, smoke jamming bombs, and smoke clouds are established. An effective shielding judgment mechanism that is computable and reproducible is constructed based on the “line-segment-sphere intersection” criterion and systematic sampling of the target surface. Secondly, a dual simulated annealing algorithm is designed to achieve global-local collaborative search, with optimization strategies dynamically adapted to different scenarios including single-UAV single-bomb, single-UAV multi-bomb, and multi-UAV multi-bomb configurations. Meanwhile, the range of decision variables is reduced through UAV heading angle constraints to improve computational efficiency. Finally, experimental Verification is conducted in the scenario of defending a fixed high-value target. The results show that the single-UAV deployment scheme achieves an effective shielding duration of 4.59 seconds, the three-UAV cooperative scheme reaches a total shielding duration of 11.21 seconds, and the five-UAV cooperative scheme extends the duration to 18.94 seconds. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the flight azimuth angle has a significant impact on the shielding effect, while the flight speed exhibits strong robustness. This framework provides systematic theoretical support and practical deployment strategies for multi-UAV cooperative defensive operations, holding important application value in the field of military defense.