A Comprehensive Review on Green Synthesis of Iron oxide Nanoparticles fromRicinus Communis and their Biotechnological Applications

AbstractNanotechnology has emerged as a rapidly advancing field with significant applications in medicine,agriculture, and environmental science. Among various nanomaterials, iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs) have gained considerable attention due to their unique magnetic, physicochemical, andbiocompatible properties. This review provides a comprehensive review of nanoparticles, with aparticular focus on IONPs, including their classification, structural characteristics, and methods ofsynthesis. Conventional synthesis approaches such as coprecipitation, hydrothermal, sol–gel,microemulsion, and electrochemical methods are discussed along with the green synthesisapproach. Special emphasis is given to green synthesis of IONPs using Ricinus communis,highlighting its phytochemical composition and role as a reducing and stabilizing agent.Furthermore, the review explores the pharmacological activities associated with Ricinus communis,including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties, and theirrelevance in nanoparticle synthesis and biomedical applications. Despite the promising potential ofIONPs; challenges such as toxicity, particle size control, and large-scale production remain. Thisreview provide insights into current advancements and future perspectives in the development ofeco-friendly and efficient IONPS for biomedical and industrial applications.