We have fabricated micro-scrolls (tubes/springs) by rolling up pre-strained metal/PVA–PAA bilayers, where the strain is caused by the swelling of the PVA–PAA hydrogel in aqueous media. Stimuli-responsive behavior of the micro-tubes/springs is demonstrated by rolling and unrolling caused by the volume change of the PVA–PAA hydrogel in response to environmental fluids.
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Li et al. (2012) studied this question.
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