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This paper derives a decentralized object impedance controller (DOIC) especially suited for use by a team of robots and/or multiple manipulators. In contrast to the original object impedance controller (OIC), a separate DOIC operates on each robot to provide local computation of the manipulator force commands, thus removing the need for expensive high-bandwidth communication of force signals between the robots. The key advance of the DOIC that provides this benefit is a decentralized algorithm for estimating the external force on the object. This paper derives the DOIC, provides stability analysis, and verifies the theory with definitive physical experiments.
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Dickson et al. (2002) studied this question.
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