Virginia L. Norman, MA, MS, RN, is an associate professor at the University of North Dakota College of Nursing in Grand Forks, ND. She is also a part-time staff nurse at the university's Medical Center Rehabilitation Hospital. Mariah Snyder, PhD, RN, is an associate professor at the University of Minnesota School of Nursing in Minneapolis, MN. The authors wish to acknowledge Mary H. Ensrude, director of nursing, Medical Center Rehabilitation Hospital, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND.
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Norman et al. (1982) studied this question.
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