Pharmacokinetic, docking, and DFT analyses reveal Moringa oleifera phytochemicals as inhibitors of HIF-1α/VEGF/GLUT1 signaling pathway in breast cancer

Breast cancer is among the most heterogeneous and aggressive malignancies. Hypoxia-driven activation of Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) in breast cancers triggers the transcription of a battery of genes that facilitate tumor progression and result in poor prognosis. Based on the reported anti-cancer properties of Moringa oleifera (Mo), this study explores the therapeutic effects of isolated bioactive compounds from Mo, namely Aurantiamide Acetate (AA) and Benzyl Isothiocyanate (BITC), on HIF-1α-regulated key genes- vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), targeting the HIF-1α/VEGF/GLUT1 axis, which is central to angiogenesis and metabolic adaptation in tumors using a comprehensive in silico approach. The X-ray crystallographic structures of HIF-1α, VEGF, and GLUT1 were retrieved from PDB and employed as receptor targets for molecular docking studies against 3D conformers of AA and BITC using AutoDock Vina to evaluate their binding affinity and interaction profiles. Post-docking conformational analyses were conducted utilizing Discovery Studio. The pharmacological relevance of the compounds was assessed using SwissADME, ADMETSaR, and ADMETlab3.0 web servers for drug-likeness, oral bioavailability, and ADMET profiles. Subsequently, robust molecular dynamics simulations were executed for 500 nanoseconds using the Desmond module (Schrödinger v2019) to evaluate the structural stability of the ligand-receptor complexes under physiologically mimetic conditions. Additionally, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed using Gaussian 09 software to probe the electronic properties, reactivity descriptors, and frontier molecular orbitals of the ligands. Docking outcomes revealed strong binding affinities of protein-ligand complexes, mediated by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, further corroborated by consistent pharmacokinetic profiles and low toxicity. MDS trajectories revealed structural convergence and stability across all complexes, as indicated by RMSD, RMSF, SASA, and radius of gyration (rGyr) analyses. Overall, the integrated in silico approach highlights the promising therapeutic potential of these phytocompounds as natural, bioavailable, and mechanistically rational inhibitors of hypoxia-associated targets in breast cancer.