This paper investigates the impact of the high penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) on the distribution network in the presence of photovoltaic (PV) systems. Two models for EVs are presented, and the voltage profile of buses is investigated considering both models and various penetration levels of EVs within the distribution network. The analysis is conducted by presenting an exact convex relaxed form of the full ACOPF problem of the distribution network with (i) fixed power EVs and (ii) fixed current EVs. The performance of each model is illustrated in the case studies leveraging the modified IEEE 33-bus system and considering time-of-use (TOU) pricing. Besides, the sensitivity of voltage profile of buses in the distribution network on the time-of-use prices is investigated in the case studies.
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Soofi et al. (2022) studied this question.
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