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Using recently derived integral constraints, the authors give a general-relativistic proof of the k⁴ power spectrum for perturbations generated by local, causal processes in a Robertson-Walker universe. If galactic clusters formed from such fluctuations and if light traces mass, then in order to reconcile the integral constraints with observed cluster-cluster correlations, these perturbations must have been created when the age of the universe was greater than a few thousand years. Inflation provides a way out of this bound.
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Abbott et al. (1986) studied this question.
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