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J. Clobert, C. M. Perrins, R. H. McCleery, A. G. Gosler, Survival Rate in the Great Tit Parus major in Relation to Sex, Age, and Immigration Status, Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Feb., 1988), pp. 287-306
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Clobert et al. (1988) studied this question.
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