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AIMS: To identify and synthesise nursing interventions directed at family caregivers of patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing haemodialysis. DESIGN: A convergent-integrated mixed-methods systematic review. DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive search was conducted in EBSCOHost databases (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Complete, MEDLINE with Full Text, MedicLatina, ERIC) and the PubMed database. Studies were appraised using the Mixed-Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), and interventions were classified using the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care taxonomy. REVIEW METHODS: Quantitative data were narratively synthesised and transformed into textual descriptions to enable integration with qualitative findings. A thematic synthesis was conducted to group similar concepts. RESULTS: Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. Most were quantitative or mixed methods with moderate-to-high methodological quality. Interventions were primarily classified as disease management (n = 10) or self-management support (n = 9). Common components included education, coping strategies, empowerment, and psychosocial support. Positive effects were observed on caregiver quality of life, anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy. Caregiver burden outcomes were mixed, potentially influenced by time and intervention intensity. Additional benefits were noted from relaxation techniques and intradialytic exercise. Qualitative data revealed culturally embedded coping strategies such as spiritual practices, time management and seeking social support. CONCLUSION: Educational and empowerment-based nursing interventions-particularly those supporting dyadic coping and family-centred care-can improve caregiver outcomes. Frameworks such as the Roy Adaptation Model and the 'Timing it Right' approach enhance intervention design and relevance. IMPACT: By addressing caregiver needs through structured education, psychosocial support and contextually sensitive approaches, nurses can mitigate caregiver burden and promote long-term caregiver well-being and patient adherence to treatment. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: Although patients and caregivers were not directly involved, this review contributes to improving nursing care for family caregivers of individuals with ESRD, aiming to enhance their quality of life.
Araújo et al. (Wed,) studied this question.