The microstructure-mechanical property relationships in Ti–Cu alloys for biomedical applications: A review

In this extensive review, the role of titanium-copper (Ti–Cu) alloys in the biomedical sector is thoroughly examined especially for microstructural and mechanical properties useful to implant applications. Current processing methodologies, from powder metallurgy to additive manufacturing, demonstrates the process-dependent microstructural outcomes. The diversely derived microstructures are important for the mechanical resilience of Ti–Cu alloys under simulated physiological stresses. Analyses on whether these biomaterials could meet rigorous biomechanical requisites in load-bearing capacities, present both challenges and promising future exploration. This review shows the promise of optimized Ti–Cu alloy, fine-tuned by advanced manufacturing technologies aided by computational modeling. The pivotal aim of most metallic implants is to combine biomechanical compatibility and functional longevity in human tissues, ensuring a balance between biological integration and mechanical reliability.