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We stratified analyses by malaria transmission and by malaria species. For cluster-randomized controlled trials (cRCTs), we adjusted standard errors using the intracluster correlation coe icient. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. For non-randomized controlled before-and-a er (CBA) studies, we summarized the data using di erence-in-di erences (DiD) analyses.
Shah et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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