Quantifying Bimolecular Recombination in Organic Solar Cells in Steady State

A steady-state method to probe bimolecular recombination in organic solar cells is presented. The technique is applicable to thin-film solar cells at any temperature and does not require a separate measurement setup other than conventional solar-cell testing equipment. The key element in our method is the derivation of a simple analytical expression that directly gives access to the recombination strength.