Phenomenology and clinical relevance of minor neurological signs in child neurology and psychiatry

Minor Neurological Signs, also referred to as neurological soft signs, are subtle abnormalities detected during neurological examination that do not meet criteria for major focal deficits. They are increasingly considered indicators of variability in neurodevelopment, likely reflecting differences in sensorimotor integration and maturation of cortico-subcortical networks. This mini review summarizes current evidence on the phenomenology, neurobiological correlates, and clinical relevance of MNS in child neurology and psychiatry. MNS include motor features such as overflow movements, dysmetria, dysrhythmia, and mild alterations in coordination, tone, and balance. Their assessment relies on standardized, developmentally appropriate tools that support identification of distinct patterns of dysfunction. MNS are frequently reported in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions. While not diagnostically specific, they have been associated with symptom severity and functional outcomes. Further longitudinal and integrative studies are needed to clarify their developmental trajectories, neurobiological mechanisms, and potential clinical utility.