The SPECIES program is a solution equilibrium model to teach concepts of ion activity and ion speciation as applied to soil solutions. The program is written as a spreadsheet file that may be used with Lotus 1–2‐3 or compatible spreadsheet software. The spreadsheet format provides a user‐friendly computer environment and leaves the computational portions of the program transparent to the user. Results are easily manipulated on screen, exported to disk, or output as hard copy using standard spreadsheet functions.
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Phillip Barak (1990) studied this question.
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