A review of implementations of soft transport policy measures (Richter et al. 2010 Richter J , Friman M , Gärling T . 2010 . Review of Implementations of Soft Transport Policy Measures . Transportation: Theory & Application 2 : 5 – 18 . [Google Scholar]) demonstrates their effectiveness in motivating car users to voluntarily switch travel mode. This paper review research that addresses questions of when and why these measures are effective. Long-term effects, synergies between soft and hard policy measures, assessments of individual differences, differences in determinants of participation and of changes in travel, generalizability, and nonquantified benefits are gaps in knowledge. Knowledge is also lacking about the cost-effectiveness of techniques such as providing motivational support to set change goals, requesting plans for how to change, and providing customized information.
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Richter et al. (2011) studied this question.
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