Message-oriented middleware is used to decouple the operation of cooperating applications. Existing approaches have concentrated mainly on scalability issues, but dynamic business processes and the integration of a wide range of data sources and applications, require a middleware that is customizable. The Rebeca publish-subscribe service uses scoping to structure both middleware and applications. It thus offers advanced routing mechanisms to subsystems that need high scalability and it allows for heterogeneous message models that are transparently mapped onto each other.
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Fiege et al. (2006) studied this question.
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