Upgraded theragnostic strategies of multivariate nano gold in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular Carcinoma is one of the detrimental forms of liver cancer perceived to be the fourth most dangerous disease on a global forum. The prevalence of HCC is increasing day by day & complicated health status . Presently, there are different treatment strategies for overcoming HCC. But none of them are stable enough to overcome this permanently. The failure of treatment has abundant reasons, such as inadequate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics features of existing treatment, low drug targeting , drug resistance, and so on. Therefore, researchers have investigated various nano-structured gold to diagnose and treat HCC. Concerning this concept, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have shown tremendous potential in synergizing chemotherapy and have unique intrinsic theragnostic properties. These nano-golds enhance the retention of the therapeutics in the tumor cells due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The EPR effect can increase the permeability effect through different membranes, and thereby, the nano-gold can strike the specific area successfully. In the field of biomedicine, particularly in drug delivery, molecular imaging, and cancer treatment, nano-structured golds are extensively utilized. This evidence indicates that AuNPs decrease the proliferation of cancer cells and ultimately reduce the chances of cancer metastasis. This review will further focus on the theragnostic applications of gold nanoparticles, including their synthesis and applications to mitigate HCC and other malignancies. The limitations associated with these nano-golds are also highlighted in this review.