Comparison of central precocious puberty frequency before and during COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE: The current systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the prevalence of central precocious puberty (CPP) throughout the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out following the principles outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA, 2020). DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and WANFANG databases were searched from January 1, 2019, to March 30, 2023. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: (1) children and adolescents ≤ 15 years; (2) studies with the outcome of frequency of central precocious puberty, measured prior to and throughout the COVID-19 pandemic; (3) a novel CPP diagnosis was created depending on all of the following criteria: girls with a chronological age < 8 years and boys with a chronological age < 9 years at the onset of symptoms, basal luteinizing hormone (LH) levels > 0.3 UI/L, and/or GnRH-stimulated peak LH levels > 5 IU/L. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: statistic. RESULTS: This meta-analysis included 17 studies. In contrast to the same period prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, the occurrence of CPP elevated (OR = 2.57; 95% CI, 1.85-3.56). Moreover, body mass index standard deviation score (BMI SDS) differences between CPP patients prior to COVID-19 and throughout the pandemic follow-up was 0.12 (95% CI - 0.01 to 0.25 P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: Overall, CPP frequency significantly elevated throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Given the restricted number of cohort investigations in this meta-analysis, additional research may be conducted on larger groups of children in order to establish a correlation between the observed rise in precocious puberty and specific pathogenic factors.