Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
We consider issues affecting professional identity formation, such as individual differences, graduate training, cultural perspectives, and ideology. We propose that gender differences in professional identity and functioning also are attributable, to a significant degree, to early developmental experiences. We review the professional socialization process and then discuss three theoretical issues related to gender differences that appear to affect women in their professional roles: a relational focus, distance vs. intimacy in relationships, and contextual decision making. We explore the theoretical issues under consideration and offer observations from personal experience in professional roles that are related to these theoretical concepts. We offer recommendations for training programs, the workplace, and further research concerning the impact of these issues.
McGowen et al. (Sun,) studied this question.