Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Driven Frailty Prediction Using Electronic Health Records in Hospitalized Patients With Cardiovascular Disease

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Association of all-cause mortality (Top) and heart failure (HF)-related readmission (Bottom) with the presence (orange line) or absence (blue line) of frailty identified using the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) and revised Japanese version of the CHS (J-CHS) criteria.

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  Figure 2.. Association of all-cause mortality (Top) and heart failure (HF)-related readmission (Bottom) with the presence (orange line) or absence (blue line) of frailty identified using the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) and revised Japanese version of the CHS (J-CHS) criteria, separated by Train set (Left) and Test set (Right).

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  Figure 3.. Confusion matrix results of the All EHR model (Top) and the Simple EHR model (Bottom) using LightGBM. The results show the F1 score, recall, precision, accuracy, and area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristics curve. EHR, electronic health record.

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  Figure 4.. Association of all-cause death (Left) and heart failure (HF)-related readmission (Right) with the presence (orange line) or absence (blue line) of frailty identified using the All EHR model and the Simple EHR model using LightGBM. EHR, electronic health record.

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  Figure 5.. The feature importance results (Left), partial dependence (Top Right), and the shapely additive explanation (SHAP) value for the predictive frailty (Middle Right and Bottom Right) identified using the All EHR model. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; CRT-P, cardiac resynchronization therapy-pacemaker; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; EHR, electronic health record; IHD, ischemic heart disease; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; PT-INR, prothrombin time–international normalized ratio; TLC, total lymphocyte count.