The Movement movement

The British writer, George Monbiot, 2013Monbiot G. Feral: Searching for Enchantment on the Frontiers of Rewilding.2013Google Scholar, introduced the word ‘rewilding’ to many, in his book ‘Feral: Searching for Enchantment on the Frontiers of Rewilding.’ Rewilding refers to the deliberate change to an ecosystem so that, in one example, the setting free of wolves in Yellowstone National Park in 1995, the ecosystem manipulation resulted in the change of the course of rivers in just a few years (Monbiot, June 2013Monbiot G. TED Talks. For More Wonder, Rewild the World. Transcript.Published June 2013https://www.ted.com/talks/george_monbiot_for_more_wonder_rewild_the_world/transcript?language=enGoogle Scholar). The rewilding created a ‘trophic cascade’ an ecological process Monbiot says, ‘which starts at the top of the food chain and tumbles all the way down to the bottom.’ The release of a small number of wolves that predated on the Wapiti, a large deer species, had a greater effect on the deer herds behaviour than on the numbers taken. After the introduction of the wolves the Wapiti avoided the previously over-grazed valleys and gorges in which they could easily be hunted, allowing rapid regeneration of the flora, bringing in birds, and beavers. Greater numbers of beavers and their river damming effects increased ecosystem availability for other species. The presence of wolves also increased the numbers of small animals, rabbits and mice, by reducing the numbers of the now second order predator, the coyote. The regenerating forests stabilised the banks of the rivers reducing erosion and cutting their channels deeper. Wolves physically changed the landscape. Monbiot advocates reintroducing the missing plants and animals in ecosystems that have suffered their loss due to deliberate or accidental human action. Monbiot wants to let nature decide what happens next. Tony Riddle, a natural lifestyle coach in London, recently interviewed, and the original source for this editorial, goes further, and describes rewilding almost as a treatment modality for the modern human condition, he refers to rewilding posture or movement as a process an individual can undertake to improve their movement qualities, including range, flexibility and strength but involving the whole movement system in a mindful engagement, while rejecting the muscle/joint/region isolationist approach favoured by the majority of today's fitness industry. Riddle cites; Georges Hébert, the creator of the Natural Method, father of the military assault course and forefather of parkour, Erwin le Corre, the successor to Hébert in our age and the creator of MoveNat, Ido Portal, a Movement Artist and coach, and Katy Bowman, author of Move your DNA, popular health and lifestyle commentator, as key resources, amongst others. Some of these names may be unfamiliar to those whose reading and reference are evidence based journals. Reviewing what is happening in popular culture within both the Fitness and Health worlds, can help a therapist decide whether current trends and fashions fit their own treatment philosophy and might be incorporated within their practice. But how fully will these ideas permeate practice the therapeutic world? How then will they be investigated? Will robust scrutiny ascertain their worth as a valuable tool in the therapeutic armoury? This editorial therefore deliberately references sources other than journal papers or randomised control trials (RCT's). Some ideas are taken from popular books, blogs, youtube videos, TED talks and may be very well known. Books by gifted academics are often written to distill their disciplines leading findings into a palatable format for a lay reader, without the constraints of academic writing. They can be used to present an authors ideas beyond the scope of what is provable today and propose future directions for research. Influential books are digested and ideas become the source materials for blogs and other forms of internet commentary, agreeing or disagreeing with the tenets. The internet, however, is not just a benign source of information. When ideas are well accepted entrepreneurs seek to monetise concepts with products or subscriptions. Truth may fall victim to commerce, but amongst the myriad of sources in the non-peer reviewed, non-referenced concepts available on the internet, it is possible that new ideas change the lives and lifestyles of an individual for the better. A growing popular interest in human evolutionary history is making an impact in the decision making of how some live today based on a perceived understanding of how our ancestors in pre-history lived. The ‘Paleo Movement’ according to Bowman, 2014Bowman K. Move Your DNA Restore Your Health through Natural Movement. Propriometrics Press, 2014Google Scholar ‘looks for answers that help us understand why living more in accordance with our nature reaps a healthy reward.’ Daniel Lieberman, 2013Lieberman D. The Story of the Human Body, Evolution, Health and Disease. Pantheon Books, Random House, 2013Google Scholar ‘The Story of the Human Body, Evolution, Health and Disease’ is a recent explanation of the evolutionary development of our species, building on ideas of earlier authors. The Paleolithic era, meaning the ‘old stone age’, lasted from about 2.5 Million years ago when stone tools started to be used till about 10 000 years ago when the domestication of plants became the birth of agriculture and the Neolithic era (new stone age). It is generally agreed that our species, Homo sapiens, appeared in the archaeological record 200 000 years ago, though a recent Nature article suggests this may now be out by 100 000 years, as fresh archeological finds, believed to be the fossilised bones of modern humans and their tools, were made in Morocco, not East Africa, and date to being over 300 000 years old (Richter et al., 2017Richter D. Grün R. Joannes-Boyau R. Steele T.E. Amani F. Rué M. Fernandes P. Raynal J.-P. Geraads D. Ben-Ncer A. Hublin J.-J. McPherron S.P. The age of the hominin fossils from jebel irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the middle stone age.Nature. 2017; 546: 293-296https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22335Crossref PubMed Scopus (253) Google Scholar). With environmental pressures shaping our species evolution, the pre-agriculture hominin's lived a hunter gatherer lifestyle, having a diverse diet but a low birthrate. Around the end of the Paleolithic period changes in climate, with the end of the ice age, became a driver for the domestication of plants and the birth of agriculture due, Lieberman suggests, to the increased need for food as populations increased. In the neolithic period the proportion of the population living a hunter gatherer, nomadic lifestyle decreased as the proportion of those living a sedentary lifestyle, fixed near their crops and eventually herds, increased. The new lifestyle created its own problems with diseases developing due to living closely with animals and each other, a decrease in diversity of food and an increase in starches from grains in the diet. At this point the average height and life expectancy of its people decreased from the palaeolithic levels, though the increased birth rates made possible by farming's increased availability of food, positively selected the farmer over the hunter gatherer, as weaning could take place earlier in a farming society. Lieberman describes ‘evolutionary mismatches’ as being a trait evolved in one environment becoming less effective in another environment. ‘The Paleo Movement’ is of the opinion that our paleolithic bodies which had over two million years, from the first use of tools till the invention of agriculture to evolve, have not had time to adapt fast enough to the significantly changed environments of the 10 000 year old agricultural era, and still less time to adapt to the hugely accelerated changes to our environment that the 200 year old industrial revolution has created. Lieberman discusses further the ‘mismatch diseases’ partially created as we have traded ‘mortality for morbidity’ - we live longer but are sick for longer. Mismatch diseases, he says, such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes can be linked to obesity. The Paleo Movement, mostly known for its focus on diet and nutrition places the ‘blame’ for the development of obesity on the fact that we evolved in the paleo era to eat a paleo diet. The modern paleo diet promotes mostly meat, fish, vegetables, nuts, animal fats and coconut oil, while foods that come from agriculture, including all grains, legumes, dairy foods and processed foods are avoided, and fruit is limited. Lieberman, himself, suggests the paleo diet actually consisted of fruit, nuts, wild animals, fibre rich and sugar low vegetables, but, regardless, the development of agriculture and its increasingly smaller packets of high calorific sugar and starches (complex carbohydrates) and the unchanged drive to consume them has meant we prefer to eat sugar rich fibre low foods. The Paleo Movement's response to obesity is to change our modern diet back to that purported to be eaten in the Paleo era before agriculture developed and eschew it's resultant grains and dairy, in particular. Christina Warriner, an Archaeological Scientist, critiques (Warriner, 2013Warriner C. TEDx Talks. Debunking the Paleo Diet. You Tube.Published Feb 2013https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMOjVYgYaG8Google Scholar) the paleo diet first suggested by Voegtlin, 1975Voegtlin W.L. The Stone Age Diet : Based on In-depth Studies of Human Ecology and the Diet of Man. Vantage Press, 1975Google Scholar self published and out of print book ‘The stone age diet.’ This book suggested that stone age peoples were only carnivorous, by ignoring the fact that human dentition has clearly evolved to be omnivorous. Updating the concept as the ‘Paleo diet,’ Cordain, 2002Cordain L. The Paleo Diet: Lose Weight and Get Healthy by Eating the Food You Were Designed to Eat. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey2002Google Scholar popularised the ideas about paleolithic diet and nutrition. This and later variations, such as Sisson, 2009Sisson M. The Primal Blueprint: Reprogramme Your Genes for Effortless Weight Loss, Vibrant Health and Maximum Longevity. Primal Nutrition Inc., Malibu2009Google Scholar ‘Primal blueprint’ has led Warriner to report that the paleo diet has been amongst the fastest growing diet concepts in the United States in recent years. Warriner argues that palaeolithic peoples did, in fact, eat grains and legumes as ‘dental calculus’ (fossilised dental plaque) shows evidence of this. She identifies that the foods recommended by the modern paleo diets have all been changed by farming as the original wild forms such as wild carrots are bitter and contain natural pesticides, wild lettuce that contains latex which is indigestible and a gut irritant, is bitter, tough and spiny. The wild form of broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, kale and brussel sprouts, are all the same as they are all cultivars of Brassica oleracea (See Fig. 1). Marlene Zuk in M. what about Diet and How & 2013Google Scholar) that is a process or as the of to modern have us can take place in and Zuk the to living at with an increased of and a She out the that some and people can meaning they can eat foods their palaeolithic ancestors could Warriner the that can be from the record to that modern people diverse foods - a rich species diversity to the number of and processed foods is to this and will often contain one of only species, or fresh foods - in when when it has its foods may our gut whole foods - the at which food through the gut the release of Food is more that the of its and It that diet and nutrition are in which and as as but is middle the of and in an as well as fresh and whole foods may some way the of obesity. 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