A coded frequency diversity scheme is presented for improving the error performance of coding and modulation on slow fading channels. Without additional bandwidth expansion, the signal is spread over different independent fading channels. Both trellis coded modulation (TCM) and usual convolutional codes may be used with this technique. For two very slow fading channels, where interleaving is impractical and coding usually does not provide any gain, coded diversity and 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) TCM provide gains of 13 dB at a BER of 10/sup -4/.
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Gagnon et al. (2002) studied this question.
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