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kg/yr for atrazine, nicosulfuron, chlorpyrifos, and imidacloprid in 2023, respectively. The seasonal pattern followed an inverted U-shape, with fluxes peaking in summer and declining in winter. Spatially, pesticide fluxes were highest in agricultural areas, with atrazine and nicosulfuron fluxes peaking in the downstream regions of the Xiaoqing River watershed, imidacloprid fluxes highest in the Mi and Bailang Rivers, and chlorpyrifos fluxes more prominent in the upstream regions of the Weihe River. The study further revealed that less than 3 % of the total pesticide load was exported into the sea, while 1 %-4 % was absorbed by crops, and over 90 % remained trapped in soil and river systems. The PEWS model couples Global NEWS and SWAT frameworks to simulate watershed-scale pesticide export. By quantifying pesticide export fluxes from watersheds to the sea, this study contributes to the development of effective strategies for controlling pesticide pollution.
Zhang et al. (Mon,) studied this question.