The neglect of organized labor in industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology can be attributed not only to historical circumstances and managerialist values (Lefkowitz et al., 2026) but also to the field's theoretical and methodological orientations.We argue that the lack of a robust framework for examining unions' multilevel effects, combined with I-O psychology's emphasis on job performance rather than worker well-being as the ultimate criterion (Tay et al., 2023), drives this dearth of research.In response, we propose the public health model (e.g., Tetrick Tetrick & Winslow, 2015) and prioritizes worker well-being.The public health model distinguishes among primary interventions (preventing harm by modifying stressors at their source), secondary interventions (equipping individuals to manage unavoidable stressors), and tertiary interventions (supporting recovery after harm has occurred).We argue that unions' multilevel nature-as institutions that can function as primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions-has complicated their study within I-O psychology.We therefore propose conceptualizing unions as integrated interventions, similar to initiatives that address both promotion and prevention (e.g.,
Ramirez et al. (Wed,) studied this question.