Energy Transfer Mechanism of Hard-Roof Hydraulic Fracturing in Goaf-Side Working Face Based on Microseismic-Driven Damage Model

Directional long-borehole hydraulic fracturing is an important technique for controlling rockbursts induced by hard roofs. Its effectiveness depends primarily on whether fracturing-induced damage can modify the roof-bearing structure and thereby regulate stress concentration and elastic strain energy accumulation in the coal-rock mass ahead of the working face. However, existing numerical simulations commonly rely on predefined weakened zones or empirical parameter reduction, which makes it difficult to represent the spatial heterogeneity and mechanical evolution of rock damage during field hydraulic fracturing. Taking the 2803 goaf-side working face in Hetaoyu Coal Mine as the engineering background, this study proposes a microseismic-data-driven method for characterizing hydraulic fracturing-induced damage and incorporates it into a FLAC3D finite-difference model. The stress field, elastic strain energy field, and damage distribution ahead of the working face are compared under non-fractured and hydraulically fractured conditions. In the proposed method, the energy of fracturing-induced microseismic events is converted into the Benioff strain of numerical zones according to the attenuation law of microseismic wave propagation, and the corresponding rock damage variable is then calculated using a Weibull damage model. The fracturing-damaged rock mass is further represented by weakening the elastic modulus, cohesion, and friction angle, together with the stochastic generation of strongly damaged zones. The results show that, without hydraulic fracturing, the hard roof maintains a strong, continuous bearing capacity, resulting in a continuous lateral abutment stress concentration zone and a high elastic strain energy accumulation zone ahead of the working face and near the goaf-side boundary. After hydraulic fracturing, a patchy and locally connected high-damage weakening zone forms in the target roof strata. This damaged zone cuts the original continuous load-transfer structure through which the hard roof concentrates load toward the goaf side, reduces the extent of high-stress and high-energy zones in the coal seam, and induces an asymmetric adjustment of the dominant mining-induced energy release zone from the goaf side toward the solid-coal side. These simulation results agree well with the field observation that microseismic activity is mainly concentrated near the roadway on the solid-coal side. The study indicates that the rockburst-control mechanism of directional long-borehole hydraulic fracturing is not limited to simple overall stress dissipation. A key finding is that the fracturing-induced heterogeneous damage zone effectively interrupts the continuous load-transfer and energy-storage paths on the goaf side. This induces an asymmetric spatial redistribution of the mining-induced energy field from the goaf side toward the solid-coal side, thereby mitigating the high static-load and high-energy-storage state ahead of the working face.