Strategic Management Frameworks in Pharmacy Practice: A Comparative Analysis of Hospital and Retail Pharmacy Operations, Regulatory Compliance, and Patient-Centric Care Dynamics

The global pharmacy sector operates at a critical junction within modern healthcare, serving as the primary vehicle for both the industrial-scale supply of pharmaceuticals and the delivery of highly personalized clinical care. Over the past several decades, the practice of pharmacy has undergone a profound structural shift from a transactional, product-bound business model (heavily centred around compounding and mechanical dispensing) toward an interdisciplinary, highly clinical, and deeply integrated patient-centric care model (Lin et al., 2023). This ongoing transformation has fundamentally decoupled the modern pharmacist from the traditional back-counter workflow, embedding them directly into multidisciplinary care teams as primary custodians of medication safety, adherence, and optimization (Baird, 2023; pique-Martinez et al., 2024).[1]