Hofstadter’s butterfly in AdS3 black holes

A bstract We derive the reduced Dirac Hamiltonian on the non-rotating BTZ background and use its redshift structure to construct a gauge-covariant single-band lattice model on the constant-time BTZ cylinder. In equal-area coordinates the AdS radius L fixes the local Gaussian curvature, while the horizon radius r h fixes the throat size and the strength of the near-horizon redshift. The lattice model therefore has a direct geometric interpretation and is not presented as an unshown reduction of the two-component Dirac lattice. Its angular Fourier transform yields an exact curved Harper equation with BTZ-dependent hopping amplitudes and a consistent dimensionless angular quasi-momentum. We then supplement global parameter scans with state-resolved diagnostics: spectra color-coded by mean radius, local density of states, direct flux-response versus radius correlations, and Aharonov–Bohm spectral flow and persistent current on the BTZ cycle. These results show that weaker curvature sharpens the butterfly-like fragmentation, whereas larger horizons suppress both magnetic and Aharonov–Bohm response by creating weakly dispersing near-horizon states.