Analysis of EAF Energy Efficiency Characteristics Based on Industrial Data and Energy Balance

Improving energy efficiency of electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking is a key pathway for the iron and steel industry to achieve carbon neutrality. Based on statistical data from 56 industrial EAFs, this study established and validated a comprehensive mass and energy balance model with a verification error of less than 5% and systematically quantified the effects of furnace type, furnace capacity, hot metal charging ratio, and scrap preheating on EAF energy efficiency through statistical analysis and scenario simulation. The results show that furnace type is the decisive factor for energy efficiency; Consteel and shaft furnace EAFs with scrap preheating are significantly more efficient than conventional EAFs, with the shaft furnace exhibiting the highest preheating efficiency and best stability. The scale effect of furnace capacity on energy efficiency is weak and fully overshadowed by furnace type. Each 10% increase in hot metal ratio reduces specific power consumption by about 50 kWh/t in conventional furnaces, and the optimal hot metal ratio is 40–50% to balance power consumption and total energy consumption. Scrap preheating saves electricity by recovering physical heat, with each 100 °C temperature increase reducing power consumption by 25 kWh/t; compared with the Consteel process, the shaft furnace process reduces total energy consumption by approximately 14% and increases energy efficiency by 9%. This study provides theoretical support and practical guidance for process optimization in the low-carbon transformation of EAF short-flow steelmaking.