Carbonate dissolution in the turbid and eutrophic Loire estuary

We measured particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC and DOC), chlorophyll, oxygen, partial pressure of CO 2 , pH, total alkalinity (TAlk) and particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) during a late summer cruise in the eutrophic Loire estuary. These parameters reveal an intense mineralisation of organic matter in the estuarine maximum turbidity zone (MTZ) that results in oxygen deficits (down to 20% of the saturation level) and high CO 2 oversaturations (pCO 2 up to 2900 atm). Several facts revealed the occurrence of carbonate dissolution in the Loire MTZ: large amounts of alkalinity were produced in the upper estuary, increasing its transfer to the ocean by 30%; the calculated saturation index showed a net undersaturation for aragonite and a slight undersaturation for calcite in the MTZ; and PIC decreased from 2.1% (% dry weight) in riverine suspension to 0.4% in the MTZ. A stoichiometric approach is used to assess the coupling between aerobic respiration and carbonate dissolution, where apparent oxygen utilisation, excess CO 2 , TAlk and dissolved inorganic carbon are compared quantitatively. About 20% of the CO 2 generated by respiration was involved in carbonate dissolution. The loss of PIC at the river-estuary transition quantitatively corresponds to the amount of authigenic calcite precipitated upstream in the highly eutrophic river. This suggests that CO 2 exchange with the atmosphere along the eutrophic river-estuary continuum is buffered by carbonate precipitation in the autotrophic river and its dissolution in the heterotrophic estuary.