Off-the-shelf, prêt-à-porter multianalyte sensing systems are based on the ability of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs; see picture, blue) to mediate the export of hydrophilic anions (yellow→green) from lipid bilayer vesicles (gray). Covalent capture of hydrophobic analytes (black) with hydrophilic anions (red) produces amphiphilic anions that can activate CPPs.
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Butterfield et al. (2008) studied this question.
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