A GIS and remote sensing approach for measuring summer-winter variation of land use and land cover indices and surface temperature in Dhaka district, Bangladesh

> 0.50) between NDVI and LST, as well as MNDWI and LST. On the contrary, positive correlations were observed between NDBI and LST, and between NDBAI and LST for both the summer and winter seasons. Finally, subsequent vegetation decline (-69.34%) and increasing built-up area (+11.30%) between 2000 and 2020 in Dhaka district were found to be the most significant factors for the increasing trend and spatial heterogeneity of LST in Dhaka. The methodological approach of this study offers a low-cost efficient technique for monitoring LST hotspots, which can guide land use planners and urban managers for spatial intervention to ensure a livable environment.