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, or both types of studies, in conjunction with contextual data from reviews and human studies. Data were extracted from validated or widely used assays and clustered following international genotoxicity testing guidelines (OECD, EFSA, ICH). In the few studies available, genotoxicity was observed for kojic acid, apicidin, tryptophol and, to a lesser extent, with equivocal or conflicting results, for 3-nitropropionic acid, aurofusarin, averufin, fusaric acid, secalonic acids D and F, and mycophenolic acid. Butenolide was also positive but was only tested in one experiment. Bikaverin, culmorin, and skyrin showed no marked genotoxic effects but were only tested once or twice or in protocols not following OECD standards, yielding limited or conflicting results. Overall, the limited number of assays, significant data gaps and methodological limitations hinder conclusive human health risk assessment, emphasizing the need for standardized and comprehensive genotoxicological testing of the emerging mycotoxins.
Benito-Fuertes et al. (Wed,) studied this question.