Extracellular vesicles in monitoring and modulation of oocyte competence: focus on exosomes

In the extracellular microenvironment, cells can produce and release various types of vesicles, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles and exosomes (Exos). The scientific community believes that Exos are capable of taking on and transferring a variety of macromolecules from one cell to another, thereby affecting the function of recipient cells. Among the various macromolecule species, microRNAs are a major focus of study. MicroRNAs comprise an entire family of non-coding RNAs involved in regulating gene expression. They control numerous cellular processes, and alterations in their regulation play a significant role in disease. According to recent research the follicular fluid of mammals contains microRNAs or miRNAs. Protein complexes found in microvesicles or exosomes may also contain them. Exos in the follicular fluid that carry miRNA may be an alternate mechanism for autocrine and paracrine communication in the ovarian follicle. These studies findings may be pertinent to basic reproductive research and could also be helpful instruments for real-world applications. Furthermore EVs, particularly exosomes, may help diagnose reproductive disorders and provide information about oocyte quality for assisted reproductive technologies (ART) because they are essential for a variety of oocyte functions.