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Abstract Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving a variety of immune cells, including adaptive T and B cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Understanding the pathogenic role of these immune cells in RA provides new insights into the intervention and treatment of RA. Methods A total of 86 patients with RA (RA group) and 50 healthy controls (HC) were included in the study. The immune cells of CD4 + , CD19 + B, NK, Th17, Treg, ILCs, and their subsets (i.e., ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s) were characterized in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by flow cytometry. Cytokines (i.e., IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-22, and IL-33) in sera were detected using ELISA. The above immune cells and cytokines were analyzed in patients with different disease activity status and positive ( +) or negative ( −) rheumatoid factor (RF)/anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). Results Patients with RA had higher percentages of CD4 + T, CD19 + B, Th17, ILC2s, and ILC3s and lower percentages of Treg and ILC1s than HC. Patients with RA had elevated levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17A, and IL-22 and decreased level of IL-10. Compared with HC, patients with high disease activity had higher percentages of Th17, ILC2s, and ILC3s; lower percentages of ILC1s; and lower level of IL-10. The percentage of Treg cells in remission, low, moderate, and high disease activities decreased, whereas the level of IL-17A increased compared with HC. Furthermore, RF + or ACPA + patients exhibited elevated percentages of CD19 + B, ILC2s, and ILC3s and had decreased percentage of ILC1s and Treg cells than HC. The percentage of Th17 cells increased in RF − /ACPA − and RF + /ACPA + patients. However, the above immune cells between RF or ACPA positive and negative patients were not significantly different. Conclusion Th17, Treg, and ILC subset dysregulations are present in patients with RA but may not be associated with conventionally defined seropositive RF and ACPA. Key Points • Th17, Treg, and ILC subset dysregulations are present in patients with RA but may reflect inflammation rather than specific diseases and stages. • No difference for the distribution of Th17, Treg, and ILC subsets between RF + and RF − patients and between ACPA + and ACPA − patients. The screening spectrum of RF and ACPA serology should be expanded to elucidate the role of immune cells in RA pathogenesis.
Wang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.