Intrusive sensors are widely employed in numerous industrial applications to determine the phase fraction in gas-liquid two-phase flows. Such applications include those in the chemical, nuclear, and oil industries. This study aims to investigate the use of three distinct intrusive sensor topologies, specifically intended for underwater applications, wherein the detailed characterization of the disperse phase is the primary objective. Examples of such applications include aeration diffusers in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and fish farming facilities.
Andreu et al. (Sun,) studied this question.