Catchability Pattern of Cartilaginous Fishes with an Updated Their Diversity and Distribution Along the Egypt’s Mediterranean Coast: Conservation and Bycatch Challenges

The diversity and fisheries status of cartilaginous species along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast were investigated up to 2025. A total of 69 species were recorded, comprising 2 chimaeras, 41 sharks, and 26 rays and skates, including new records such as Cetorhinus maximus, Odontaspis ferox, and Dalatias licha. The coastline was divided into five zones (A–E), with the highest species diversity observed in Zone D (western Alexandria to Matrouh), followed by Zone C (off Alexandrian coast). The total landed catches and bycatch from various fishing gear were estimated from 2023 to 2025. In 2025, total annual catch reached 665,820 kg. Damietta recorded the highest landings in 2025 (274,350 kg; 41.20%), whereas Port Said had the lowest. Among elasmobranchs, Glaucostegus cemiculus accounted for the highest catch (109,100 kg; 16.39%), followed by Carcharhinus plumbeus (95,500 kg; 14.34%). Spring season showed the highest catchability percentage over the three-year period. Alexandria serves as the prime market for elasmobranchs, receiving additional quantities from the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea, along with Damietta. Port Said occasionally shares this role. The findings highlight the need for conservation, particularly in Zone D, as it is a hotspot for diversity, nursery, and reproductive activity. Strengthened control of fishing and trade is recommended from April to October, with emphasis on the period of April–May. Additionally, raising awareness among fishers is essential to reduce the capture of juveniles and pregnant individuals, especially during the periods of March–May and October–December.