Techno-Economic Analysis of Nanomaterial-Enhanced Perovskite Solar Cells in India's Renewable Transition

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) enhanced with nanomaterials like Al₂O₃ nanoparticles and NiO quantum dots have shattered efficiency barriers, achieving 34.6% in silicon tandems (LONGi, 2024) and 29.7% in all-perovskite stacks via 2D/3D passivation. Stability breakthroughs—1,530-hour T80 lifetimes—position them for commercial viability. In India, where solar capacity reached 132.85 GW by late 2025 with 44.5 GW added that year alone, PSCs promise manufacturing costs of $0.155-0.211/W for carbon-based modules at 100 MW scale, yielding LCOE from $0.014/kWh (25-year life) to $0.034/kWh (10-year). This study employs bottom-up techno-economic analysis (TEA) for a Himachal Pradesh fab, integrating physics models of nanomaterial passivation (Voc loss <0.3V), low-temperature slot-die processing, and PLI incentives reducing CAPEX by 20%. Key findings: PSCs undercut crystalline silicon LCOE ($0.025/kWh national average) by 44%, with energy payback time (EPBT) dropping to 20-40 days via recycling. Policy alignment via ALMM List-II (domestic cells mandatory June 2026) and PM-Surya Ghar (1 crore rooftops) accelerates deployment. Sensitivity reveals breakeven at 12% module efficiency; GW-scale drops costs to $0.10/W. Challenges—25-year outdoor validation, lead recycling—yield to chalcogenide alternatives (BaZrS₃). Projections: 50 GW PSC contributions by 2030, saving ₹50,000 crore in imports while enabling self-reliance. This interdisciplinary physics-economics framework guides MNRE R&D and industry pilots.