Dog parks in urban structure: a comparative analysis of Krakow and Hamburg across spatial, social and legal dimensions

This article compares dog parks in Krakow, Poland, and Hamburg, Germany, across spatial, legal and social dimensions. Using field research, observation, GIS-based spatial analysis and a review of local regulations, it examines the design, features and management of dog parks in both cities. The results reveal two contrasting approaches: Hamburg shows a more formalised and institutionally embedded approach to dog parks, while Krakow exhibits a more fragmented, locally driven pattern. These findings highlight the role of local socio-spatial conditions and user practices in shaping urban green spaces. This study introduces the Spatial Saturation Index (SSI) as an original method to assess the integration of dog parks within the urban structure. Beyond filling a gap in cross-cultural comparisons of dog parks in Central and Western Europe, this article underscores the need for flexible but coherent planning frameworks that balance local specificities with consistency and functionality.