Temporal Changes in Resting Heart Rate and Risk of Diabetes Mellitus

Figures

• 

  Fig. 1.. Trajectories of resting heart rate (RHR) before incident diabetes mellitus (DM) or last examination. Fitted lines denote mean RHR (incident DM vs. without incident DM), calculated from restricted cubic spline of mixed-effects linear regression models. Time 0=diagnosis or last examination. The dashed lines delimit the 95% confidence interval. (A) Time-varying RHR and DM in male. (B) Time-varying RHR and DM in female. (C) Time-varying change in RHR (∆RHR) and DM in male. (D) Time-varying ∆RHR and DM in female.

• 

  Fig. 2.. Subgroup analysis for the risk of diabetes mellitus according to the resting heart rate (RHR). Adjusted for sex, area, and time-updated age, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, smoking, drinking, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive drug use, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD), glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, and change in RHR. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

• 

  Fig. 3.. Subgroup analysis for the risk of diabetes mellitus according to the change in resting heart rate (∆RHR). Adjusted for sex, area, and time-updated age, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, smoking, drinking, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive drug use, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD), glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, and RHR. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

• 

  Fig. 4.. Association between resting heart rate (RHR) and the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM). The adjusted cubic spline model demonstrates the flexible association between time-varying RHR, including all available RHR values before an event or end of the study, and the hazard of DM incidence overall (A), in male (B), and in female (C) with 60 bpm taken as the reference RHR. The adjusted cubic spline model demonstrates the flexible association between time-varying change in RHR (∆RHR) from the follow-up visit and the hazard of DM incidence overall (D) when a RHR change of 0 bpm is taken as the reference. The dashed black curves represent the upper and lower 95% confidence limits. The horizontal red line represents the hazard ratio (HR) of 1.

•