Sarcopenia in head-and-neck malignancy: A narrative review

Head-and-neck cancers comprise a heterogeneous group of malignancies arising from the mucosal linings of the oral cavity, sinonasal tract, pharynx, and larynx. Most patients present with locoregionally advanced disease and require multimodal treatment, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. However, these treatments are frequently associated with significant toxicity, which may compromise oncological outcomes. Sarcopenia, characterized by a loss of skeletal muscle mass along with reduced muscle strength and function, is linked with functional impairment and adverse clinical outcomes. In patients with head-and-neck cancer, sarcopenia has emerged as an important prognostic factor associated with increased mortality, treatment-related complications, and reduced quality of life. It also influences treatment tolerance and response. Early identification of sarcopenia may aid in risk stratification and guide supportive care strategies to improve clinical outcomes in patients with head-and-neck cancer.