Cardiovascular Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in China

Figures

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  Figure 1. Causal Chains of Cardiovascular Disease and Prevention Modified based on the WorldHealth Report 2002—Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life.86 CHD = coronary heart disease; SES = socioeconomic status.

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  Figure 2. Secular Trends of Cardiovascular Health-Related Lifestyle Factors Secular trends in lifestyle risk factors, stratified by sex and urbanity, show significant changes over time. The size of dots is proportional to the prevalence of the corresponding risk factor in 2018. These data were sourced from the Reports on Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance in China, published by the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention.87, 88, 89, 90

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  Figure 3. Average Annual Concentrations of Major Ambient Pollutants in China Concentrations of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM10) or ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), NO2, and SO2 exhibited a declining trend, which intensified subsequent to the enactment of major national policies. Conversely, O3 concentrations remained relatively stable. Data came from China’s Ministry of Environmental Protection issued the Report on the State of Ecological Environment in China (2013-2021). PM10 =91

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  Figure 4. Cardiovascular Mortality and Incidence Estimation by Integrating Surveillance Systems Active surveillance provides complete data through national and provincial cardiovascular disease (CVD) incident surveillance, and passive surveillance provides comprehensive data through Hospital Quality Monitoring System (HQMS), health insurance data, and National Mortality Registration Information Management System (NMRIMS). These data can be integrated into a modeling framework to enhance the accuracy of estimations. CDC = Center for Disease Control and Prevention; NCCD = National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases; NHC = National Health Commission; NHSA = National Healthcare Security Administration; other abbreviations as in Figure 1.

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  Central Illustration. Progress, Challenges, and Strategies for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in China The model for cardiovascular disease management is shifting. Although some progress, in health promotion focused on behavioral and environmental risk factors, as well as primary and secondary prevention, has been made, unresolved challenges remain. Under the Healthy China initiative, future management frameworks advocate for integrating health into all policy sectors, and emphasizing that individuals should take primary responsibility for their own health. CVD = cardiovascular disease.