European norms and equations for a two dimensional presentation of values as measured with Schwartz's 21‐item portrait values questionnaire

The present study utilizes European Social Survey (ESS) data to introduce European norms and equations for computation of the Self‐Transcendence—Self‐Enhancement and Conservation—Openness to Change value dimensions, as measured with the 21‐item Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ). Our analysis of ESS round 1 and 2 data suggest that the two‐dimensional structure and the equations based on this structure are extremely robust. Presenting the two value dimensions besides the 10 basic values offers the advantages of (a) heightened reliability, (b) control of response tendency, and (c) possibility to present results in two‐dimensional space.