Anterior lateral motor cortex enables contextual decision-making via dynamic reconfiguration of local circuits

Cognitive operations often require flexible implementation of stimulus-response contingencies, depending on context. We developed an olfactory task in which mice learned to associate a test odor with a directional lick response, conditional on a preceding context odor drawn from a different odor set. Two-photon imaging shows that the anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) contains distinct populations encoding context, test odors, and choice. Optogenetic silencing during the context and delay periods impairs performance, suggesting that ALM contributes to configuring the appropriate contingency. Although context odors that instruct the same mapping are represented by separate populations, their influence converges at the level of choice-selective neurons. A subpopulation of these neurons exhibit dual selectivity for context and choice, forming what we term "contingency neurons." These findings suggest that ALM supports flexible behavior not by abstracting over context cues but by dynamically reconfiguring local circuits to route sensory input to the appropriate motor output.