Assessing public awareness, barriers, and skill needs for climate action and sustainable practices in Ireland

This study examines the knowledge, skills, and perceptions of Irish citizens in relation to climate action and sustainable practices, addressing a key gap in understanding how individual competencies support sustainability transitions. While existing research largely emphasises policy and technological solutions, this study focuses on the role of citizen skills and behavioural capacity. Guided by ecological modernisation and green growth perspectives, it explores how life and green skills influence engagement in sustainability practices. A national survey was conducted and analysed using descriptive and comparative methods to assess demographic patterns, climate-related knowledge, and practical competencies in biodiversity, the circular economy, and household sustainability. The findings indicate high levels of concern about climate change (81%) with considerable understanding of its causes and impacts (69%). Although 74% of respondents expressed a willingness to contribute to climate and biodiversity goals, only 46% felt adequately equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills. Key barriers to engagement include financial constraints, lack of practical knowledge, and low confidence. While biodiversity loss is widely recognised (74%), only 2% reported having expertise in this area. Awareness of circular economy concepts is increasing, particularly among women, with strong engagement in waste reduction and recycling. Participants also showed significant interest in developing skills in areas such as waste management, upcycling, conservation, and food waste reduction, favouring practical, community-based learning approaches. The findings suggest that current skill levels support incremental rather than systemic sustainability transitions, highlighting the need for targeted, citizen-focused interventions to enable a more effective shift to a low-carbon society.