Superhydrophobic carbon-based materials: a review of synthesis, structure, and applications

Materials with appropriate surface roughness and low surface energy can form superhydrophobic surfaces, displaying water contact angles greater than 150^. Superhydrophobic carbon-based materials are particularly interesting due to their exceptional physicochemical properties. This review discusses the various techniques used to produce superhydrophobic carbon-based materials such as carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, amorphous carbons, etc. Recent advances in emerging fields such as energy, environmental remediation, and thermal management in relation to these materials are also discussed.