An Indian perspective on biochar amendment in flooded rice system for greenhouse gas mitigation and associated socioeconomic constraints

In India, the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), namely methane and nitrous oxide, from paddy fields are a key challenge for climate change mitigation. Present review provides a novel contribution by bridging the gap between biophysical mitigation mechanisms and the socioeconomic and policy constraints essential for scalable biochar adoption in Indian paddy fields. The review compiles different studies and available information on how biochar can reduce GHG emissions from paddy fields, especially in India. Research studies in East Asian paddies estimated reduction of CH₄ emissions by an average of 22.9 per cent consequent to biochar application. Notable reduction in N₂O emissions with an average of 54 per cent, was effected by biochar application in different soil types. In the Indian context, biochar production from crop residues is estimated to sequestration of 66.2 MT CO₂e, offsetting 6 per cent of the nation’s annual GHG emissions. The review also highlights conflicting result and field variabilities. Although biochar has proven potential, its widespread adoption in India is hindered by strong socio-economic barriers. The study concludes by proposing a scalable roadmap to provide a climate-smart transition for Indian rice cultivation. Biochar production and application in paddy fields can significantly lower GHG fluxes and enhances climate resilience. Multifaceted role of biochar in different arenas of soil functions significantly contributes to overall improvement in soil health, consequently fertility and yield stability. Adoption is constrained by various economic as well as behavioral barriers and policy gaps. Effective adoption demands subsidies, carbon-credit incentives, clear guidelines and streamlined permits, R&D funding, revision in existing national crop-residue management schemes, and capacity building for bridging knowledge gaps.