Structural Analysis of Agricultural and Forestry Waste Biochar and Research Progress on Antibiotic Adsorption

The continued detection of antibiotics in aquatic environments and potential ecological risks have drawn widespread attention to low-cost, high-efficiency and sustainable removal materials. Among these, agricultural and forestry waste biochar for abundant sources exhibits high aromaticity, a well-developed pore structure and rich surface functional groups, demonstrating significant potential for antibiotic adsorption. Building on existing research, this paper systematically reviews the primary mechanisms underlying antibiotic adsorption by agricultural and forestry waste biochar, focusing on elemental composition, pore structure, and surface chemical properties and summarizes common modification strategies. It indicates the adsorption behavior of agricultural and forestry waste biochar is jointly influenced by raw material composition, functional group types, pore size distribution, antibiotic structure and water quality conditions. A key challenge is that the complexity of interacting factors makes it generally difficult to control the actual adsorption process by regulating a single mechanism. It proposes future research should focus on strengthening the quantitative correlation between structure and performance underlying modification, and application-oriented studies, such as investigating the influence of different antibiotic structures or the water quality of actual water bodies on the adsorption process. This paper offers a reference for the subsequent preparation and engineering applications of high-efficiency biochar.